While the main Israeli ports of Ashdod further up the coast and Haifa in the north, remain open, shipping and maritime security companies are reviewing their operations for Israel, industry sources said.

"Israeli ports are deemed to be at heightened risk," said Noah Trowbridge, with British maritime risk advisory and security company Dryad Global.

"With continuous rocket barrages expected from Gaza, alongside the potential for a protracted conflict, the damage to port infrastructure becomes increasingly probable."

Ashdod port said workers continued to work regularly despite the emergency situation.

"The port's berths are open as much as needed and we are offering a response to meet all Israel's needs," Ashdod port said in a statement.

German container shipping company Hapag-Lloyd told Reuters that Ashdod port had imposed restrictions on the loading or discharging of dangerous cargo, which includes flammable, explosive or toxic substances, adding that the company was monitoring its shipping services to Israel.

Shipbroker BRS said security had been stepped up at Israeli ports, adding that the principal threat to shipping coming into Israel was from rockets fired from Gaza and from "hostile forces" on the ground in Israel after Hamas fighters infiltrated the country.

"Since Gaza has a coastline, direct threats to shipping inside Israeli waters cannot be ruled out," BRS said.

Israel is among countries in the Middle East already considered a high-risk area by insurers in the London insurance market, a key centre for marine insurance cover.

Ships pay an additional war risk premium for seven-day voyages to Israel. Since Saturday's attacks additional premiums have soared tenfold to around 0.15-0.2 per cent of the value of a ship - translating into tens of thousands of dollars of additional costs. This compared with a premium of 0.0125 per cent earlier this year, insurance sources said.

Nearly all of Israel's trade is via the sea. It is a food producer but relies on imports for the majority of its grain needs, as well as quantities of fish, beef, nuts and consumer food products.

Israel's leading container shipping carrier Zim said it was offering its vessels for "national needs".

"The company's ships will be directed, as a first priority, to transfer cargo from anywhere in the world to Israel according to the requirements and needs of the Ministry of Defence and the government of Israel," Zim CEO Eli Glickman said on Facebook.

INTERTANKO, the association which represents the majority of the world's tanker fleet, said in an advisory to members this week that after the Hamas attacks, it expected tensions to rise in the broader Middle East Gulf and Gulf of Oman, with heightened risks for shipping connected to Israel.